{"id":70485,"date":"2026-03-25T15:27:13","date_gmt":"2026-03-25T13:27:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kunakair.com\/urban-traffic-emissions-monitoring\/"},"modified":"2026-07-13T19:15:49","modified_gmt":"2026-07-13T17:15:49","slug":"urban-traffic-emissions-monitoring","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kunakair.com\/ar\/urban-traffic-emissions-monitoring\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u062a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 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<strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627<\/strong> \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0639 <strong>\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629<\/strong> \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627. <\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_67561\" style=\"width: 1290px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-67561\" class=\"wp-image-67561 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/kunakair.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Poblacion-y-movilidad-en-areas-urbanas_Kunak.jpg\" alt=\"\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645. - Kunak\" width=\"1280\" height=\"853\"><p id=\"caption-attachment-67561\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0644 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(EEA)\u060c <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.eea.europa.eu\/en\/analysis\/publications\/europes-air-quality-status-2023\">\u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c <strong>\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636<\/strong>\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629.   <\/p>\n<blockquote><p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/22-09-2021-new-who-global-air-quality-guidelines-aim-to-save-millions-of-lives-from-air-pollution\"><em>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 80 % \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0640PM<sub>2.5<\/sub> \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0621\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d\u0629.<\/em><\/a> \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 (WHO) 2021.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>\u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 <strong>\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a NO<sub>2<\/sub> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642<\/h3>\n<p>\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 (NO<sub>2<\/sub>) \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 <strong>\u0628\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642<\/strong> \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a<\/strong> \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0640NO<sub>2<\/sub> \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0639 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\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0645\/\u0645<sup>3<\/sup> \u0644\u0640NO<sub>2<\/sub><\/strong> (<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/ES\/TXT\/?uri=CELEX:32008L0050\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 2008\/50\/EC<\/a>)\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0639\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631.  <\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0623\u0646 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240034228\"><strong>\u0625\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 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<strong>\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0622\u0645\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646<\/strong>. \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 <strong>\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/strong> \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 <strong>\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a<\/strong>. <\/p>\n<div class=\"kunak-cita-destacada\">\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 NO<sub>2<\/sub> \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649.<\/div>\n<h3>\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 PM<sub>2.5<\/sub> \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 (PM<sub>2.5<\/sub>) <strong>\u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 <strong>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a<\/strong> \u0648\u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645. \u062d\u062f\u062f\u062a <strong>\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 (2021)\u060c \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0640PM<sub>2.5<\/sub> \u0639\u0646\u062f <strong>5 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0645\/\u0645<sup>3<\/sup><\/strong>\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0639\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0641 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\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 8 % \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a CO2 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 - Kunak\" width=\"1280\" height=\"854\"><p id=\"caption-attachment-67560\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 8 % \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a CO<sub>2<\/sub> \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<h2>\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644<\/h2>\n<p>\u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 <strong>\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0640<strong>\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631<\/strong> \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f <strong>\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646. \u0647\u062f\u0641\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b\u060c \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f <strong>\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/strong> \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629. \u0644\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0646 <strong>\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633<\/strong>\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 <strong>\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648<strong>\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629<\/strong> \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629.  <\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0648 <strong>\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a (DGP)<\/strong>\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0648\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f <strong>\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a<\/strong>. \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 <strong>\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d<\/strong>. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0642\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0626\u0629. <\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062a\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 <strong>CEN\/TS 17660<\/strong> \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621. \u064a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633: <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0629 1 \u2190<\/strong> \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0643\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0629 2 \u2190<\/strong> \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0629 3 \u2190<\/strong> \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u064a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.une.org\/encuentra-tu-norma\/busca-tu-norma\/norma?c=N0068024\"><strong>CEN\/TS 17660-1<\/strong><\/a> \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 (<strong>NO<sub>2<\/sub> \u0648O<sub>3<\/sub> \u0648CO \u0648SO<sub>2<\/sub> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0646<\/strong>)\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/standards.iteh.ai\/catalog\/standards\/cen\/cb4fb1fa-4781-46f9-a8da-4a82ab2efedf\/cen-ts-17660-2-2024\"><strong>CEN\/TS 17660-2:2024<\/strong><\/a> \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a <strong>PM<sub>10<\/sub> \u0648PM<sub>2.5<\/sub><\/strong> \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u0640NO<sub>2<\/sub> \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0648 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a<\/strong> \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 <strong>\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u064a \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629<\/strong> \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 NO<sub>2<\/sub> \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0629 <strong>\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0624 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a<\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 2008\/50\/EC\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u064a\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646<\/strong>. <\/p>\n<p>\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629<\/strong> (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0641\u0629 \u0636\u0645\u0646 CEN\/TS 17660-1) \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a. \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0632\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0640NO<sub>2<\/sub> \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0639<\/strong>\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0647. \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d <strong>\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631<\/strong>\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648<strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u0648<strong>\u062a\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d<\/strong> \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648<strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0643\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627.  <\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_67568\" style=\"width: 2570px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-67568\" class=\"size-full wp-image-67568\" src=\"https:\/\/kunakair.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Contaminacion-del-aire-por-trafico_Kunak-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0646\u064f\u0647\u062c\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0632\u0629. - Kunak\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1707\"><p id=\"caption-attachment-67568\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0646\u064f\u0647\u062c\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0632\u0629.<\/p><\/div>\n<h3>\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 PM<sub>2.5<\/sub> \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 PM<sub>2.5<\/sub> \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062d\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0627<\/strong> \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 <strong>\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0645<\/strong>\u060c \u0648<strong>\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0644<\/strong>\u060c \u0648<strong>\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/strong>\u060c \u0648<strong>\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642 \u063a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642<\/strong>. <\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0648\u0644\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a PM<sub>2.5<\/sub> \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0647\u0627 <strong>\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631<\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627. \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0629 CEN\/TS 17660-2:2024 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f <strong>\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631<\/strong> \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0630\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 <strong>\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631<\/strong> \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629. <\/p>\n<blockquote><p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/10.1021\/es4022602\"><em>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0635\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0645\u063a\u0632\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0629.<\/em><\/a> Snyder et al. (2013).<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<h3>\u062f\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062f\u0645\u062c <strong>\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0641\u064a <strong>\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/strong> \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 <strong>\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a<\/strong> \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629 <strong>\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629<\/strong> \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 <strong>\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0639<\/strong>. <\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 <strong>\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a<\/strong>\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 <strong>\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u062f\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a<\/strong>. \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062f\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0639 <strong>\u0643\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631<\/strong> \u0648<strong>\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a (GPS)<\/strong>\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0644\u0642 <strong>\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630<\/strong> \u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629. <\/p>\n<div class=\"kunak-cita-destacada\">\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 (LEZ) \u0648\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645.<\/div>\n<div id=\"attachment_67556\" style=\"width: 1810px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-67556\" class=\"size-full wp-image-67556\" src=\"https:\/\/kunakair.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/castel-d-ario-Kunak.jpg\" alt=\"\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648\u060c \u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 - Kunak\" width=\"1800\" height=\"1200\"><p id=\"caption-attachment-67556\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648\u060c \u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627.<\/p><\/div>\n<h2>\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646<\/h2>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 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\u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630. <\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a (GAW) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0629 (WMO):<\/p>\n<div class=\"kunak-cita-destacada\">\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/div>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0647\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0629 <strong>\u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/strong> (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629) \u0645\u0639 <strong>\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621<\/strong> (\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0644\u060c \u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0644) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 CEN\/TS 17660.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0645\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0639\u0627\u064b <strong>\u0628\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d<\/strong> \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 2008\/50\/EC \u0637\u0631\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 (NO<sub>2<\/sub>) \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0624\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u0632\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0647\u0627. <\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a 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\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a<\/strong>\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u0642\u0637 <strong>\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0624\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062e\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b <strong>\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627<\/strong> \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 Calle 30 Natura \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062f\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/kunakair.com\/case-studies\/calle-30-natura-vertical-gardens-kunak-air-quality-sensors\/\">\u062a\u0645 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a Kunak AIR Pro \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 M-30<\/a> \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 <strong>\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a<\/strong> (\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629) \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644\u060c \u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623\u064b \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b: \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0630\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0641\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u0642\u0637 <strong>\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649<\/strong> \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u062f <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629<\/strong> \u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a \u064a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_67555\" style=\"width: 1010px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-67555\" class=\"wp-image-67555 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/kunakair.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/calle-30-natura-Kunak.jpg\" alt=\"\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 Kunak AIR Pro \u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 Calle 30 Natura \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062f - Kunak\" width=\"1000\" height=\"1000\"><p id=\"caption-attachment-67555\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 Kunak AIR Pro \u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 Calle 30 Natura \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062f<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"kunak-cita-destacada\">\u062a\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0644\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 (LEZs)\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a.<\/div>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 <strong>\u0646\u0647\u062c\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0632\u0627\u064b<\/strong> \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0644\u0649 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 (NO<sub>2<\/sub>)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 (PM<sub>2.5<\/sub>)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 (UFP)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0632\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0628\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a. \u062a\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 <strong>\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u0644 150 \u0625\u0644\u0649 300 \u0645\u062a\u0631<\/strong>. <\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_67558\" style=\"width: 1930px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-67558\" class=\"size-full wp-image-67558\" src=\"https:\/\/kunakair.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Panel-acustico-en-carretera_Kunak.jpg\" alt=\"\u062d\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 - Kunak\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1337\"><p id=\"caption-attachment-67558\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u062d\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627.<\/p><\/div>\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u062f <strong>\u0623\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642<\/strong> \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u0648<strong>\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u062a<\/strong> \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648<strong>\u0646\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0632\u062f\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a<\/strong> \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f <strong>\u0642\u0645\u0645 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632<\/strong> \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 (NO<sub>2<\/sub>)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0629. <\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u0643\u0634\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a <strong>\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0631\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0648<\/strong> \u0639\u0646 <strong>\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 (PM<sub>2.5<\/sub>) \u0648\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0628\u062d \u0648\u0647\u064a <strong>\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629<\/strong>. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 <strong>\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0634\u064a\u062d<\/strong> \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649. <\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_67565\" style=\"width: 1290px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-67565\" class=\"size-full wp-image-67565\" src=\"https:\/\/kunakair.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Control-de-zonas-de-bajas-emisiones_Kunak.jpg\" alt=\"\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 (LEZ) \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f. - Kunak\" width=\"1280\" height=\"912\"><p id=\"caption-attachment-67565\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 (LEZ) \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f.<\/p><\/div>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 (LEZs)<\/h2>\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b <strong>\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629<\/strong> \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642. \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 7\/2021 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0641\u064a 20 \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629<\/strong>. <\/p>\n<div class=\"kunak-cita-destacada\">\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646 50,000 \u0646\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0631 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2023. \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u062a\u064f\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a.  <em>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 14.3 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 7\/2021 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0641\u064a 20 \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629.<\/em><\/div>\n<p>\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u060c \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/ES\/TXT\/?uri=CELEX:32008L0050\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 2008\/50\/EC<\/a> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a<\/strong> \u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 (NO<sub>2<\/sub>) (\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a 40 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0645\/\u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u0639\u0628) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 (PM<sub>10<\/sub>) (\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a 40 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0645\/\u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u0639\u0628 \/ \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a 50 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0645\/\u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u0639\u0628) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0647\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a.<\/p>\n<div class=\"_3d-flip-book  fb3d-fullscreen-mode full-size\" data-id=\"68939\" data-mode=\"fullscreen\" data-title=\"false\" data-template=\"short-white-book-view\" data-lightbox=\"dark-shadow\" data-urlparam=\"fb3d-page\" data-page-n=\"0\" data-pdf=\"\" data-tax=\"null\" data-thumbnail=\"\" data-cols=\"3\" data-book-template=\"default\" data-trigger=\"\"><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\">window.FB3D_CLIENT_DATA = window.FB3D_CLIENT_DATA || 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&& FB3D_CLIENT_LOCALE.render && FB3D_CLIENT_LOCALE.render();<\/script>\n<p>\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u062f \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b <strong>\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u064b \u0636\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0632\u0645\u0646\u0627\u064b<\/strong> \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0632\u0639\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0639\u064a. \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0636\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0632\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0644\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u064a. \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0643\u0644 <strong>\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0647\u0627 10 \u062f\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0628\u0644<\/strong> \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0636\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 <strong>\u0628\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0647\u0627 3.2% \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645<\/strong>.  <\/p>\n<blockquote><p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41370-024-00732-4\"><em>\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 <\/em><\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41370-024-00732-4\"><strong><em>113 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0634\u062e\u0635<\/em><\/strong><\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41370-024-00732-4\"><em> \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0646 55 \u062f\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0628\u0644 (\u0623)\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u062d\u0648 1.3 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0627\u064b \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0632\u0649 \u062d\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644.<\/em><\/a> M\u00fcnzel, T., Daiber, A., Engelmann, N. <em>\u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646<\/em> (2024).<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c (\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a) \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0645\u062c \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 <strong>\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629<\/strong> \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a<\/strong> \u062a\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 <strong>\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a<\/strong>\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0623\u064a \u062d\u062c\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0623\u064a \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062a \u0623\u064a 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\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633<\/strong>: \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630<\/strong>: \u062a\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0644.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0644<\/strong>: \u064a\u062d\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 <strong>\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631<\/strong> \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u062a. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 <strong>\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631<\/strong> \u0630\u0627\u062a <strong>\u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u062f.  <\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u060c \u064a\u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a 7\/2021 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 <strong>\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/strong>. \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 <strong>\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621. <\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_67563\" style=\"width: 1290px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-67563\" class=\"size-full wp-image-67563\" src=\"https:\/\/kunakair.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Areas-urbanas-y-trafico_Kunak.jpg\" alt=\"\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645. - Kunak\" width=\"1280\" height=\"853\"><p id=\"caption-attachment-67563\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645.<\/p><\/div>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a<\/h2>\n<p>\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0647\u062c \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 <strong>\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0642\u064a<\/strong> \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a<\/strong> \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.climatechange.cn\/EN\/10.12006\/j.issn.1673-1719.2022.149\">\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 8% \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a CO<\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.climatechange.cn\/EN\/10.12006\/j.issn.1673-1719.2022.149\"><sub>2<\/sub><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0644\u062f \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 3 GtCO<sub>2<\/sub> \u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627. \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 (\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0644) \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 <strong>\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629<\/strong> \u0648<strong>\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631<\/strong> \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0646\u062d\u0648 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645<\/strong>. <\/p>\n<div class=\"kunak-cita-destacada\">\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 2% \u0625\u0644\u0649 10%\u060c \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642.<\/div>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0637\u0645\u0648\u062d\u064b\u0627\u060c <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ipcc.ch\/report\/ar6\/wg3\/chapter\/chapter-10\/\"><strong>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 68% \u0628\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2050<\/strong><\/a> \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2010\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 65% \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a. \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0647\u0627\u062a <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627<\/strong>\u060c \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 <strong>\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u064a\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629. <\/p>\n<h3>\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0647\u064a <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629<\/strong> \u0628\u064a\u0646 <strong>\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a \u0648<strong>\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631<\/strong> \u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u062f\u0645\u062c <strong>\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a<\/strong> \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a<\/strong> \u0644\u062a\u0632\u0648\u064a\u062f \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a <strong>\u0628\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0639\u060c \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062b\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631. \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0640 NO<sub>2<\/sub> \u0623\u0648 PM<sub>2.5<\/sub> \u0623\u0648 O<sub>3<\/sub>\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 <strong>\u062a\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0636\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627<\/strong> (\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629) <strong>\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631<\/strong>. <\/p>\n<h3>\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642<\/h3>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u064a \u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631<\/strong> \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 <strong>\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629. \u064a\u0648\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0632\u062f\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 <strong>\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0648\u0643\u0628\u062d<\/strong> \u062a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a NO<sub>x<\/sub> \u0648CO \u0648PM \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0633. \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631<\/strong> (ATSC) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621.  <\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u062c\u062f\u062a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0646\u064f\u0634\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a Nature Communications (2025)\u060c \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0627\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 100 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0632\u062f\u062d\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0646<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-025-56701-4\"><em>\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062e\u0645\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a CO<sub>2<\/sub> \u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 6.65% \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 (\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 31.73 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0637\u0646 \u0645\u0646 CO<sub>2<\/sub> \u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627)\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 17% \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 7 \u062f\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629.<\/em><\/a> Wu, K., Ding, J., Lin, J. et al. (2025).<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a CO<sub>2<\/sub>\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0642\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a NO<sub>x<\/sub> \u0648NH<sub>3<\/sub> \u0648VOCs\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0640 PM<sub>2.5<\/sub> \u0648O<sub>3<\/sub>\u060c \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 <strong>\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.harlemworldmagazine.com\/how-traffic-signal-timing-optimization-reduces-citywide-emissions\/\"><em>\u064a\u0636\u0639 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0646\u0641\u0631 (\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0648\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629)\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649  <\/em><\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.harlemworldmagazine.com\/how-traffic-signal-timing-optimization-reduces-citywide-emissions\/\"><strong><em>\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a<\/em><\/strong><\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.harlemworldmagazine.com\/how-traffic-signal-timing-optimization-reduces-citywide-emissions\/\"><em>\u060c <\/em><\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.harlemworldmagazine.com\/how-traffic-signal-timing-optimization-reduces-citywide-emissions\/\"><strong><em>\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629<\/em><\/strong><\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.harlemworldmagazine.com\/how-traffic-signal-timing-optimization-reduces-citywide-emissions\/\"><em>\u060c \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629 <\/em><\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.harlemworldmagazine.com\/how-traffic-signal-timing-optimization-reduces-citywide-emissions\/\"><strong><em>\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0626<\/em><\/strong><\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.harlemworldmagazine.com\/how-traffic-signal-timing-optimization-reduces-citywide-emissions\/\"><em>.<\/em><\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0640 <strong>\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/strong>. \u0625\u0646 \u0625\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0648\u064a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627. <\/p>\n<h3>\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a<\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0641\u0642\u0637 <strong>\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a<\/strong>\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0640 <strong>\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0644 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a<\/strong> \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u062f <strong>\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a<\/strong>\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u060c \u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644<\/strong> \u0648<strong>\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631<\/strong> \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0639.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/strong> \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645<\/strong> \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<blockquote><p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ipcc.ch\/report\/ar6\/wg3\/chapter\/chapter-10\/\"><em>\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u062c\u0646\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0641\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/em><\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ipcc.ch\/report\/ar6\/wg3\/chapter\/chapter-10\/\">.<\/a> IPCC\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 (AR6).<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<div id=\"attachment_67567\" style=\"width: 2570px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-67567\" class=\"size-full wp-image-67567\" src=\"https:\/\/kunakair.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Implementacion-politicas-movilidad-sostenible-en-ciudades_Kunak-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0643\u0644 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 10 \u062f\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0628\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0636\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 3.2% \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. - Kunak\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1919\"><p id=\"caption-attachment-67567\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0643\u0644 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 10 \u062f\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0628\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0636\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 3.2% \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p><\/div>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629<\/h2>\n<div class=\"kunak-cita-destacada\">\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0642\u0637. \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u062a\u062b\u0628\u062a (\u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0649) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0630\u0629. <\/div>\n<p>\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0623 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/op.europa.eu\/en\/publication-detail\/-\/publication\/ad816b47-8451-11ec-8c40-01aa75ed71a1\"><strong>\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a<\/strong><\/a> <strong>(\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0648\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c 2021)<\/strong> \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0643\u062d\u062c\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/transport.ec.europa.eu\/transport-themes\/urban-transport\/sustainable-urban-mobility-planning-and-monitoring_en\"><strong>\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645 (SUMP)<\/strong><\/a>\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 TEN-T<\/strong> (\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627) \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 <strong>\u0625\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0645\u064a<\/strong>\u060c <strong>\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a<\/strong>\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<div style=\"display: flex; justify-content: center;\"><video style=\"width: 50%; height: auto;\" controls=\"controls\" width=\"300\" height=\"150\"><source src=\"https:\/\/www.eiturbanmobility.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Costs-and-benefits-of-the-sustainable-urban-transition-video-version-2.mp4\" type=\"video\/mp4\"><\/source><br \/>\n\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0643 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648.<\/video><\/div>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0645 <strong>\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a (CAF)<\/strong> \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0647 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/latamobility.com\/caf-inversion-transporte-sostenible-america-latina-y-el-caribe\/\"><strong>18 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2035<\/strong><\/a> \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0642\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 <strong>80% \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0648\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kunak-cita-destacada\">\u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a \u0643\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u0627\u062a.<\/div>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 <strong>\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629<\/strong> \u0645\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f \u062c\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sump-assessment.eu\/English\/start\"><strong>SUMI (\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645)<\/strong><\/a>\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 (CO<sub>2<\/sub>)\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631\u060c \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 (NO<sub>2<\/sub>)<\/strong> \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645\u0647 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a 40 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0645\/\u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u0639\u0628 (\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 2008\/50\/EC) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0629 10 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0645\/\u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u0639\u0628.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 (PM<sub>2.5<\/sub>)<\/strong>\u060c \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a 25 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0645\/\u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u0639\u0628 \u0648\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0629 5 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0645\/\u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u0639\u0628.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632<\/strong> \u0644\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 (PM<sub>10<\/sub>) (50 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0645\/\u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u0639\u0628) \u0648\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0642 - Kunak\" width=\"1280\" height=\"1067\"><p id=\"caption-attachment-67557\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p><\/div>\n<h3>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 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class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-67562\" class=\"size-full wp-image-67562\" src=\"https:\/\/kunakair.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Trafico-denso-en-ciudad_Kunak.jpg\" alt=\"\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 68% \u0628\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2050 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2010. - Kunak\" width=\"1280\" height=\"850\"><p id=\"caption-attachment-67562\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u0645\u0646 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class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-67564\" class=\"size-full wp-image-67564\" src=\"https:\/\/kunakair.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Movilidad-urbana-basada-en-evidencia_Kunak.jpg\" alt=\"\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 (LEZ) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u062a. - \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0643\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\"><p id=\"caption-attachment-67564\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 (LEZ) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u062a.<\/p><\/div>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0645\u0648\u062d<\/strong> \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0641 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646. <\/p>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Snyder, E. G., Watkins, T. H., Solomon, P. A., Thoma, E. D., Williams, R. W., Hagler, G. S. W., Shelow, D., Hindin, D. A., Kilaru, V. J., &#038; Preuss, P. W. (2013). \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621. Environmental Science &#038; Technology, 47(20), 11369\u201311377. <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/es4022602\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/es4022602<\/a>  <\/li>\n<li>M\u00fcnzel, T., Daiber, A., Engelmann, N. <em>et al.<\/em> \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629: \u062d\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644. <em>J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol<\/em> 35, 24\u201333 (2025). <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41370-024-00732-4\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41370-024-00732-4<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Gao Y. Ou X-M. (2022). \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 IPCC AR6: \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629. Climate Change Research 2022, Vol. 18 Issue (5): 567-573.    <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.climatechange.cn\/EN\/10.12006\/j.issn.1673-1719.2022.149\">https:\/\/www.climatechange.cn\/EN\/10.12006\/j.issn.1673-1719.2022.149<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Wu, K., Ding, J., Lin, J. et al. (2025). \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062e\u0645\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629. Nat Commun 16, 2013 (2025).    <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-025-56701-4\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-025-56701-4<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Dong, J., Goodman, N., Carre, A. and Rajagopalan, P. (2025) \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642. Science of The Total Environment, Volume 977, 2025, 179364. <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179364\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179364<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u062a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 NO<sub>2<\/sub> \u0648PM<sub>2.5<\/sub> \u0648CO \u0648O<sub>3<\/sub> \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621. \u062a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a 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\u0644\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":70486,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[535],"tags":[658,653,660],"resources":[550],"class_list":["post-70485","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-articles","tag-air-quality","tag-atmospheric-pollutants-ar","tag-air-quality-regulations-ar","resources-urban-pollution"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 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