{"id":66972,"date":"2025-09-26T12:18:01","date_gmt":"2025-09-26T10:18:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kunakair.com\/environmental-corrosion-causes-factors-and-how-to-prevent-it\/"},"modified":"2026-07-13T19:04:54","modified_gmt":"2026-07-13T17:04:54","slug":"environmental-corrosion-causes-factors-and-how-to-prevent-it","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kunakair.com\/ar\/environmental-corrosion-causes-factors-and-how-to-prevent-it\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 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<strong>\u062a\u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/strong>\u061b \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646<\/strong>. \u0625\u0646 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u062e\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 <strong>\u062e\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a<\/strong> \u0648 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/strong>\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 <strong>\u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631<\/strong>.  <\/p>\n<blockquote><p><a href=\"https:\/\/corrosion.org\/wcad2025.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0645\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 2.5 \u062a\u0631\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627.<\/em><\/a><em> \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 2025<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0646\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0643\u0645 \u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u0646 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631<\/strong> \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642 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\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629_Kunak\" width=\"1280\" height=\"960\" srcset=\"https:\/\/kunakair.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Efectos-de-la-corrosion-ambiental-en-instalacion-industrial_Kunak.jpg 1280w, https:\/\/kunakair.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Efectos-de-la-corrosion-ambiental-en-instalacion-industrial_Kunak-980x735.jpg 980w, https:\/\/kunakair.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Efectos-de-la-corrosion-ambiental-en-instalacion-industrial_Kunak-480x360.jpg 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1280px, 100vw\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-64447\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629.<\/p><\/div>\n<h2>\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 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\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629. <\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0626<\/strong>: \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0631\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629<\/strong>: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0646\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a<\/strong>: \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/strong>: \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0648 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u0629<\/strong> \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c<\/strong>\u060c \u0648 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u0648 <strong>\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u064a<\/strong> \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0622\u062a \u0648\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631<\/strong> \u0648 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u062d\u064a\u0629<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><em>\u064a\u064f\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 3% \u06485% \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629. \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 (AMPP). <\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.une.org\/encuentra-tu-norma\/busca-tu-norma\/norma?c=N0048941\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a ISO 9223<\/strong><\/a>. \u064a\u0635\u0646\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0621 (\u062e\u0645\u0633 \u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629) \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0640 <strong>\u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646<\/strong> 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\u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a \u0648 <strong>\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629<\/strong> \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0630\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642.    <\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_64446\" style=\"width: 1290px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-64446\" class=\"wp-image-64446 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/kunakair.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Puente-metalico-afectado-por-la-corrosion-ambiental_Kunak.jpg\" alt=\"\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a_Kunak\" width=\"1280\" height=\"853\" srcset=\"https:\/\/kunakair.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Puente-metalico-afectado-por-la-corrosion-ambiental_Kunak.jpg 1280w, https:\/\/kunakair.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Puente-metalico-afectado-por-la-corrosion-ambiental_Kunak-980x653.jpg 980w, https:\/\/kunakair.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Puente-metalico-afectado-por-la-corrosion-ambiental_Kunak-480x320.jpg 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1280px, 100vw\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-64446\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a.<\/p><\/div>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644<\/h2>\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629<\/strong>. \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0649\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 <strong>\u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0622\u0632\u0631\u064a<\/strong>\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0631\u0639 \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a. \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u062a Kunak\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 <strong>\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631<\/strong> \u0641\u064a <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a<\/strong> \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 <strong>\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629<\/strong> \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0642 \u0644\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631.  <\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0649<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629 <strong>\u0633\u0645\u0643 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a. \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 60-70%\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0625\u0630\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a 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\u0644\u0640 <a href=\"https:\/\/chem.libretexts.org\/Bookshelves\/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps\/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)\/Kinetics\/06:_Modeling_Reaction_Kinetics\/6.02:_Temperature_Dependence_of_Reaction_Rates\/6.2.03:_The_Arrhenius_Law\/6.2.3.04:_The_Arrhenius_Law_-_Arrhenius_Plots\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0633<\/a>\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0630\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a 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\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627.  <\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649<\/strong>\u060c \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0640 SO<sub>2<\/sub> \u0623\u0648 NO<sub>x<\/sub> \u0625\u0644\u0649 <strong>\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a<\/strong>\u060c \u0648 <strong>\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062f<\/strong>\u060c \u0648 <strong>\u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0644\u0633\u0645\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646<\/strong>. \u0641\u064a <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c: <strong>\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 <strong>\u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0629 (pH) \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u064a\u0644\u064a\u0647 <strong>\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/strong>. \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0631\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 <strong>\u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a<\/strong>\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629.  <\/p>\n<blockquote><p><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/maco.202213140\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u062e\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2030. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643) \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627. <\/em><\/a> <em>\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646. \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645. <\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>\u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u062b\u0644 <strong>\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/strong>\u060c \u0648 <strong>\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0646\u062a<\/strong>\u060c \u0648 <strong>\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0626<\/strong>\u060c \u0648 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0648 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0647\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0643\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0622\u062a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b 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aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-64445\" class=\"wp-image-64445 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/kunakair.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Maquinaria-afectada-por-corrosion-ambiental_Kunak.jpg\" alt=\"\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a_Kunak\" width=\"1280\" height=\"853\" srcset=\"https:\/\/kunakair.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Maquinaria-afectada-por-corrosion-ambiental_Kunak.jpg 1280w, https:\/\/kunakair.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Maquinaria-afectada-por-corrosion-ambiental_Kunak-980x653.jpg 980w, https:\/\/kunakair.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Maquinaria-afectada-por-corrosion-ambiental_Kunak-480x320.jpg 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1280px, 100vw\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-64445\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a.<\/p><\/div>\n<h2>\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644<\/h2>\n<p>\u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 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<strong>\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621<\/strong>. \u062a\u0633\u0631\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 <strong>\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/strong> 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\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u2014 <strong>\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644<\/strong> \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621. \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u064a <strong>\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u0648 <strong>\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 <strong>\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629<\/strong> \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629. <\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_66982\" style=\"width: 1290px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-66982\" class=\"wp-image-64449 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/kunakair.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Demolicion-planta-industrial_Kunak.jpg\" alt=\"\u0647\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a_Kunak\" width=\"1280\" height=\"851\" srcset=\"https:\/\/kunakair.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Demolicion-planta-industrial_Kunak.jpg 1280w, https:\/\/kunakair.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Demolicion-planta-industrial_Kunak-980x652.jpg 980w, https:\/\/kunakair.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Demolicion-planta-industrial_Kunak-480x319.jpg 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1280px, 100vw\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-66982\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u0647\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a.<\/p><\/div>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644<\/h2>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0636\u0639 <strong>\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629<\/strong>. \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 2010\/75\/EU \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 (ISO 9223)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0640 <strong>\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f<\/strong> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0640 <strong>\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631<\/strong> \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a <strong>\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0622\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0636\u0629. <\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 <a href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/ES\/ALL\/?uri=celex:32010L0075\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 2010\/75\/EU<\/strong><\/a>\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 BREF \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a SO<sub>2<\/sub> \u0648 NO<sub>x<\/sub> \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629 (BAT).<\/li>\n<li>\u064a\u0639\u062f <a href=\"https:\/\/www.une.org\/encuentra-tu-norma\/busca-tu-norma\/norma?c=N0048941\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 ISO 9223<\/strong><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a (\u0645\u0646 C1 \u0625\u0644\u0649 CX) \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644: \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0628\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a (SO<sub>2<\/sub>)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u064b\u0627) \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629. <\/li>\n<li>\u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f\u0647\u0627\u060c \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0645 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.une.org\/encuentra-tu-norma\/busca-tu-norma\/norma\/?c=N0048944\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 ISO 9226<\/strong><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<blockquote><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.en.une.org\/encuentra-tu-norma\/busca-tu-norma\/norma?c=N0048941\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>\u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0640 <\/em><strong><em>ISO 9223:2012<\/em><\/strong><em>\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637&#8221; \u0628\u0640 SO<\/em><em><sub>2<\/sub><\/em><em> \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 <\/em><strong><em>5 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0645\/\u0645<sup>3<\/sup> \u064830 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0645\/\u0645<sup>3<\/sup><\/em><\/strong><em>. \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u060c \u062a\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0646.<\/em><\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.une.org\/encuentra-tu-norma\/busca-tu-norma\/iso\/?c=053992\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>EN 13573<\/strong><\/a>: \u064a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.une.org\/encuentra-tu-norma\/busca-tu-norma\/norma\/?c=N0048994\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>EN ISO 8565<\/strong><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0638\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u064a\u0636\u0639 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><em>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0626\u060c \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062d\u062f\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 ISO 9223 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a <strong>\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629<\/strong> \u0648 <strong>\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644<\/strong> \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 <strong>\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0640 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0640 <strong>\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u0648 <strong>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631<\/strong> \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0648 <strong>\u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f. <\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629 <strong>\u0644\u0627 \u063a\u0646\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644<\/strong> \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_64440\" style=\"width: 1290px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-64440\" class=\"wp-image-64440 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/kunakair.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Corrosion-ambiental-en-la-construccion_Kunak.jpg\" alt=\"\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644_Kunak\" width=\"1280\" height=\"886\" srcset=\"https:\/\/kunakair.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Corrosion-ambiental-en-la-construccion_Kunak.jpg 1280w, https:\/\/kunakair.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Corrosion-ambiental-en-la-construccion_Kunak-980x678.jpg 980w, https:\/\/kunakair.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Corrosion-ambiental-en-la-construccion_Kunak-480x332.jpg 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1280px, 100vw\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-64440\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644.<\/p><\/div>\n<h2>\u0645\u0632\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644<\/h2>\n<p>\u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0645\u062c\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a <strong>\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0638\u0629<\/strong> \u0644\u0640 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0648 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629<\/strong>. \u062a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a<\/strong> \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629<\/strong> \u0648 <strong>\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/strong> \u0648 <strong>\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u062a<\/strong>\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 <strong>\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u0629<\/strong> \u0644\u0640 <strong>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631<\/strong> \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0623\u0648 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u062e\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629.<br \/>\n\u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646 <strong>\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u062a\u064a\u0634 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644<\/strong> \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062d \u0628\u0640 <strong>\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 <strong>\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0631 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decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-64444\" class=\"wp-image-64444 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/kunakair.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Cadena-de-ancla-afectada-por-corrosion-ambiental_Kunak.jpg\" alt=\"\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0629 \u0633\u0641\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0634\u062a\u062f \u062d\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0629_Kunak\" width=\"1280\" height=\"960\" srcset=\"https:\/\/kunakair.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Cadena-de-ancla-afectada-por-corrosion-ambiental_Kunak.jpg 1280w, https:\/\/kunakair.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Cadena-de-ancla-afectada-por-corrosion-ambiental_Kunak-980x735.jpg 980w, https:\/\/kunakair.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Cadena-de-ancla-afectada-por-corrosion-ambiental_Kunak-480x360.jpg 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1280px, 100vw\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-64444\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0629 \u0633\u0641\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0634\u062a\u062f \u062d\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0629.<\/p><\/div>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a<\/h2>\n<h3>\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 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\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a_Kunak\" width=\"1280\" height=\"937\" srcset=\"https:\/\/kunakair.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Corrosion-ambiental-en-la-industria_Kunak.jpg 1280w, https:\/\/kunakair.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Corrosion-ambiental-en-la-industria_Kunak-980x717.jpg 980w, https:\/\/kunakair.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Corrosion-ambiental-en-la-industria_Kunak-480x351.jpg 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1280px, 100vw\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-64448\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u0645\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a.<\/p><\/div>\n<p>\u062a\u0642\u064a\u0633 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/strong> 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<strong>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644<\/strong>. \u0648\u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 <strong>\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631<\/strong> \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648<strong>\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629<\/strong> \u0648<strong>\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0641 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629. <\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0645\u064f\u0631\u0642\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0627 <strong>\u064a\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0646\u0647\u062c\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 <strong>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0642\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064b\u0627<\/strong> \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u0625\u0646 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0630\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0644\u0640<strong>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a \u0648<strong>\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u064a<\/strong> \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0622\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629. <\/p>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Saltos Monta\u00f1o, J.P. \u0648 Torres Calle, M.L. (2010). \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u062a\u064a Esmeraldas \u0648 Santo Domingo de los Colorados. \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u062f\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u2013 EPN\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 (FIQA)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 (IQUIM)\u060c \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 (IQUIM).   <a href=\"https:\/\/bibdigital.epn.edu.ec\/handle\/15000\/2642\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/bibdigital.epn.edu.ec\/handle\/15000\/2642<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Bender, R. \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646 (2022). \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645. Materials and Corrosion\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f 73\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 11\u060c \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 2022\u060c \u0635. 1730\u20131751. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/maco.202213140\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/maco.202213140<\/a>  <\/li>\n<li>Prasad A.\u060c Kunyankandy A.\u060c Joseph A. (2020) \u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0631\u0648\u0646: Viswanathan S. Saji\u060c Saviour A. Umoren. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9783527822140.ch5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9783527822140.ch5<\/a> <\/li>\n<li>Klodian Xhanari\u060c Yefei Wang\u060c Zhen Yang\u060c Matja\u017e Fin\u0161gar. (2021). \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648. The Chemical Record\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f 21\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 7\u060c \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 2021\u060c \u0635. 1845\u20131875. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/tcr.202100072\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/tcr.202100072<\/a> <\/li>\n<li>Fonseca D.\u060c Tagliari M. R.\u060c Guaglianoni W. C.\u060c Tamborim S. M.\u060c Borges M. F. (2024). \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 CO<sub>2<\/sub>-H<sub>2<\/sub>O. International Journal of Corrosion. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f 2024\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 1. \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 2024. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2024\/5537767\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2024\/5537767<\/a>    <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0644\u0640 \u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a\u060c 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